HyperVM
by BhoMerT on May.17, 2012, under Copas, Note
source :
http://lxcenter.org/software/hypervm/hypervm-installation
Important Pre-Installation Step
Make sure that you open the ports 8888 and 8887 in the firewall. Otherwise you won’t be able to connect to HyperVM.
You have to disable selinux by editing /etc/sysconfig/selinux and changing the line to selinux=disabled and then running
# $ setenforce 0
HyperVM installation consists of downloading either the hypervm-install-master.sh or hypervm-install-slave.sh from http://download.lxcenter.org and execute it as root. It will download all the required files and do the complete installation on it’s own.
Install Commands
# $ setenforce 0
# $ wget http://download.lxcenter.org/download/hypervm/production/hypervm-install-master.sh
# $ sh ./hypervm-install-master.sh --virtualization-type=xen/openvz/NONE
You have to explicitly specify which virtualization type you want using the option –virtualization-type as either xen or openvz or NONE.
If you want to install hypervm on an existing system, just use virtualization-type=NONE, which will install just hyperVM components, and skip the virtualization components entirely.
When you run the command, you will presented with a menu from up2date, on which you can press .
HyperVM will currently install the openVZ/Xen kernel, but will not switch the default kernel to it. You will have to manually edit the /etc/grub.conf, and change the ‘default=1′ to ‘default=0′, and reboot the machine.
HyperVM supports the concept of multiple locations, and thus generally the question of harddisk partitioning is irrelevant. It is recommended to have a large / for openvz, since both /home and /vz will have files. You can just add another harddisk, mount it as a particular directory, and then add it to the list of locations. In other words, you can trivially distribute vpses across different harddisks/lvms. Also you can change the location of a vps from one harddisk to other from the CP itself. Go to vps home -> advanced -> change location.
You should never run any other control panel other than hyperVM on the host server. That will unncessarily introduce security risks, and in the case of openvz, since all the vps process are visible and accessible on the host server, starting and stopping of services on the host server will affect all the vpses too. If you need to run anything, create a special vps for it.
Once the machine boots back, just make sure you have the openVZ kernel by doing a ‘uname -a’, and after that you can connect to ‘http://machine-name:8888′, and you will be presented with a login screen – the password would be ‘admin’. Once you login, HyperVM will explicitly force you to change the password to something other than ‘admin’.
For those installing Xen, please read through the forum notes, and make sure that you meet all the requirements.
If you are installing hyperVM on a legacy operating system (Fedora 2, 3, 4), in an existing virtualization system, there are some things that you have to take care:
* Move /usr/bin/yum to /usr/bin/yum.old . HyperVM cannot use the old yum owing the fact that its configuration files are different from the latest version. If you move yum to yum.old, hyperVM will automatically use up2date.
* You can only install hyperVM, and installing of virtualization is not supported on legacy platforms. The legacy support is primarily meant to help existing installations to migrate to hyperVM. New installations are supported only on Centos-4.4 for openvz and fedora -6 for xen. So only –virtualization-type=NONE will work on the legacy platforms.
If you want to have a cluster, you have to run ‘hypervm-install-slave.sh’ in all the servers that you intend to make as slaves. Once ‘hypervm-install-slave.sh’ is completed, you can add the server from the ‘add server’ page in the master’s server page.
You will need to open port 8889 which is what’s used for communication between the master and slave. For file transfer, the slave will need to contact the master’s 8889 port, so you will need 8889 open on both master and the slave. All communication is fully encrypted and secure.
From then on, you can manage every aspect of Virtualization through our intuitive graphical interface.
===============================================================
UnInstall :
service hypervm stop
/etc/init.d/hypervm stop
chkconfig hypervm off
rpm -e lxphp lxzend lxlighttpd
rm -rf /usr/local/lxlabs/
rm -rf /home/hypervm/
rm -rf /etc/xen/hypervm
rm -rf /etc/rc.d/init.d/hypervm
rm -rf /var/cache/hypervm
rm -rf /home/lxlabs
rm -rf /root/.etc/xxwin/gtk/lxlabs
rm -rf /usr/sbin/lxrestart
rm -rf /usr/bin/lxxen
rm -rf /usr/bin/lxopenvz
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/lxlabs.repo
rm -rf /root/.etc/misc/lxlabs.repo
rm -rf /boot/lxxen-initrd.img
rm -rf /var/log/lxint*
rm -rf /var/cache/yum/lxlabsupdate
rm -rf /var/cache/yum/lxlabslxupdate
Note :
- Not support for VPS Windows OS
Cisco Password Cracker
by BhoMerT on Jan.05, 2012, under Ngoprek
Iseng iseng buat menuhin blog…
Kalo ada temen pengen ngintip password yg ter encrypt di cisco silakan gunakan tools di link ini
Share on FacebookDownload Torrent dari Ubuntu
by BhoMerT on Dec.29, 2011, under Keseharian, Ngoprek
Hari ini ada temen minta di test kemampuan download dari koneksinya, dia sudah coba test download tapi tidak pernah sampai 40Mbps.. bahkan 20Mbps juga ga bisa…
Nah dari pengetesan tersebut akhirnya saya minta di sediakan mesin buat ujicoba, eh di kasih ubuntu
ya udah deh akhirnya ngoprek di ubuntu, Langsung aja deh…
root@mail:~/torrent# apt-get install bittorrent
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information… Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
python-bittorrent
Suggested packages:
bittorrent-gui
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bittorrent python-bittorrent
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 113 not upgraded.
Need to get 107kB of archives.
After this operation, 651kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Get:1 http://id.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/main python-bittorrent 3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4 [53.2kB]
Get:2 http://id.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/main bittorrent 3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4 [54.0kB]
Fetched 107kB in 1s (57.1kB/s)
Selecting previously deselected package python-bittorrent.
(Reading database … 42181 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking python-bittorrent (from …/python-bittorrent_3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4_all.deb) …
Selecting previously deselected package bittorrent.
Unpacking bittorrent (from …/bittorrent_3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4_all.deb) …
Processing triggers for man-db …
Setting up python-bittorrent (3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4) …
Processing triggers for python-central …
Setting up bittorrent (3.4.2-11.1ubuntu4) …
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btcompletedir.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btcompletedir (btcompletedir) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btdownloadcurses.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btdownloadcurses (btdownloadcurses) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btdownloadheadless.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btdownloadheadless (btdownloadheadless) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btlaunchmany.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btlaunchmany (btlaunchmany) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btlaunchmanycurses.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btlaunchmanycurses (btlaunchmanycurses) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btmakemetafile.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btmakemetafile (btmakemetafile) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btreannounce.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btreannounce (btreannounce) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btrename.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btrename (btrename) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/btshowmetainfo.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/btshowmetainfo (btshowmetainfo) in auto mode.
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/bttrack.bittorrent to provide /usr/bin/bttrack (bttrack) in auto mode.
Install bittorrent kelar..
Upload file .torrent ke mesin-nya langsung dah jalanin :
root@mail:~/torrent# screen btdownloadcurses Sin\ City.2005.720p.HDTV.DTS.x264-THOR.torrent
Nah untuk monitoring-nya pake apps bmon aja :
root@mail:~# apt-get install bmon
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information… Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bmon
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 113 not upgraded.
Need to get 43.6kB of archives.
After this operation, 184kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://id.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/universe bmon 2.0.1-3 [43.6kB]
Fetched 43.6kB in 1s (24.5kB/s)
Selecting previously deselected package bmon.
(Reading database … 42274 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking bmon (from …/archives/bmon_2.0.1-3_i386.deb) …
Processing triggers for man-db …
Setting up bmon (2.0.1-3) …
root@mail:~# bmon
Nah ini kalo mau ngitung MiB ke Mb, di ambil dari answers.yahoo
OK, there are 1024 KiB in a MiB.
In turn, there are 1024 bytes in a KiB.
So in a MiB there are
1024*1024 = 1,048,576 bytes.
There are 1000 KB in a MB.
In turn, there are 1000 bytes in a KB
So in a MB there are
1000*1000 = 1,000,000 bytes.
To convert from MiB to MB, multiply by 1.048576.
To convert from MB to MiB, divide by 1.048576.
Or just use 1.05, as that’s close enough, really.
If you want to convert between GiB and GB, use 1.073741824, or just 1.07.
For example, if you buy a new 500 GB hard drive, you only get about 465 GiB.
Share on FacebookCisco port-channel lacp load balancing and redudance
by BhoMerT on Dec.23, 2011, under Belajar IT, Keseharian, Ngoprek
Kali ini saya coba berbagi pengetahuan dan semoga ini bisa bermanfaat bagi kita semua, dalam kesempatan ini saya coba menjelaskan cara-cara pembuatan port-channel lacp load balancing dan redudance
Apa sih itu LACP ?
LACP adalah kepanjangan dari Link Aggregation Control Protocol yang inti dari artinya adalah penggabungan beberapa port menjadi satu
Lalu apa itu Port-channel ?
Port-channel adalah Ethernet Channel of interfaces
kalau load balancing ?
load balancing adalah membuat seimbang, dimana dalam kasus ini kinerja dari port-nya balance
Lebih detail tentang teori baca aja deh di sini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation
Lalu keuntungannya apa ?
Apa aja boleh… ^,^
Dari pada teori mulu mendingan kita praktek langsung aja ya..
Sekarang kita mulai configurasinya, tahap awal kita configurasi interface-nya, mari kita aktifin interface Port-channel-nya :
SW-Backbone-2#configure terminal
SW-Backbone-2(config)#interface port-channel 1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#description ke-SW-Backbone-1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#CTRL+Z
lanjut aktifin load balance redudance-nya
SW-Backbone-2(config)#port-channel load-balance src-dst-ip
Ok..ini hasil dari configurasi di atas
SW-Backbone-2#show running-config interface po1
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 134 bytes
!
interface Port-channel1
description ke-SW-Backbone-1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
switchport mode trunk
end
SW-Backbone-2#sh ru
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 6063 bytes
!
! Last configuration change at 20:14:18 JKT Fri Dec 23 2011 by evan
! NVRAM config last updated at 19:32:28 JKT Fri Dec 23 2011 by evan
!
version 12.2
no service pad
service tcp-keepalives-in
service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime show-timezone
service timestamps log datetime msec localtime show-timezone
service password-encryption
service unsupported-transceiver
!
hostname SW-Backbone-2
!
port-channel load-balance src-dst-ip
!
lanjutttt… Sekarang kita alokasikan 4 port untuk kita gabungkan :
SW-Backbone-2#configure terminal
SW-Backbone-2(config)#in gi0/25
SW-Backbone-2(config)#description EthCnl-Po1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#channel-group 1 mode active
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#CTRL+Z
SW-Backbone-2#configure terminal
SW-Backbone-2(config)#in gi0/26
SW-Backbone-2(config)#description EthCnl-Po1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#channel-group 1 mode active
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#CTRL+Z
SW-Backbone-2#configure terminal
SW-Backbone-2(config)#in gi0/27
SW-Backbone-2(config)#description EthCnl-Po1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#channel-group 1 mode active
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#CTRL+Z
SW-Backbone-2#configure terminal
SW-Backbone-2(config)#in gi0/27
SW-Backbone-2(config)#description EthCnl-Po1
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#channel-group 1 mode active
SW-Backbone-2(config-if)#CTRL+Z
Di sini saya tidak memasukkan Allow Vlan ( filter vlan ) pada port yg kita gabung, melainkan cukup pada interface Port-channel-nya saja
Setelah di connectin semua maka hasilnya seperti ini :
SW-Backbone-2#show int status
Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type
———- CUT —————-
Gi0/25 EthCnl-Po1 connected trunk a-full a-1000 1000BaseSX SFP
Gi0/26 EthCnl-Po1 connected trunk a-full a-1000 1000BaseSX SFP
Gi0/27 EthCnl-Po1 connected trunk a-full a-1000 1000BaseSX SFP
Gi0/28 EthCnl-Po1 connected trunk a-full a-1000 1000BaseSX SFP
Po1 ke-SW-Backbone-1 connected trunk a-full a-1000
SW-Backbone-2#sh ru in gi0/25
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 151 bytes
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/25
description EthCnl-Po1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode active
end
SW-Backbone-2#sh ru in gi0/26
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 151 bytes
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/26
description EthCnl-Po1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode active
end
SW-Backbone-2#sh ru in gi0/27
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 151 bytes
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/27
description EthCnl-Po1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode active
end
SW-Backbone-2#sh ru in gi0/28
Building configuration…
Current configuration : 151 bytes
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/28
description EthCnl-Po1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 90,104,225
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode active
end
Sekarang kita liat Speed-nya pada Interface Port-channel-nya sudah sebesar 4Gb ( MTU 1500 bytes, BW 4000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec, ), dan di sini juga terlihat port berapa aja yg kita gabung ( Members in this channel: Gi0/25 Gi0/26 Gi0/27 Gi0/28 )
SSW-Backbone-2#show interfaces Po1
Port-channel1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is EtherChannel, address is 0012.0161.1719 (bia 0012.0161.1719)
Description: ke-SW-Backbone-1
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 4000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 101/255, rxload 26/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Full-duplex, 1000Mb/s, link type is auto, media type is unknown
input flow-control is off, output flow-control is unsupported
Members in this channel: Gi0/25 Gi0/26 Gi0/27 Gi0/28
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters 1w3d
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 422306000 bits/sec, 182790 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 1598643000 bits/sec, 246533 packets/sec
124709349643 packets input, 39994852902325 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 15963398 broadcasts (8718778 multicasts)
0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
778973 input errors, 5589 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 watchdog, 8718778 multicast, 0 pause input
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
165597102019 packets output, 132050835252807 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
SW-Backbone-2#show interfaces gi0/25
GigabitEthernet0/25 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Gigabit Ethernet, address is 0012.0161.1719 (bia 0012.0161.1719)
Description: EthCnl-Po1
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 103/255, rxload 29/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive not set
Full-duplex, 1000Mb/s, link type is auto, media type is 1000BaseSX SFP
input flow-control is off, output flow-control is unsupported
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:22, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters 1w3d
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 116336000 bits/sec, 48788 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 406893000 bits/sec, 63369 packets/sec
33031920919 packets input, 11535121696360 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 8751836 broadcasts (8484111 multicasts)
0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
779637 input errors, 5602 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 watchdog, 8484111 multicast, 0 pause input
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
42145656820 packets output, 33357023523376 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Kelar deh… gimana ? ada pertanyaan ?
Thanks to kawan-kawan seperjuangan, Lasta Yani, Daddy Yustiadi dan Ahmad Hidayat yang sudah sudi ngoprek bareng.
Share on FacebookBackup Switch Cisco
by BhoMerT on Dec.06, 2011, under Belajar IT, Keseharian, Ngoprek, Note
Kadang kita suka males kalo mau backup switch, kalau hanya satu atau dua switch cisco sih ga begitu masalah.. kalau ada lebih dari 20 switch ? pasti merepotkan juga kan….
Nah karena dasar itu saya coba iseng-iseng bikin program asal-asalan, sebenernya ni program cuman buat ngebantu kita meng exekusi beberapa printah di cisco, seperti memasukkan user name, password, enable password, password enable, printah-printah backup seperti :
copy runing-config tftp:
copy vlan.dat tftp:
copy config.text tftp:
Nah untuk membuat tools ini memerlukan beberapa program yaitu :
1. Telnet client ( by default sudah ada pada windows anda, kecuali windows 7 harus di aktifkan program telnet cliant-nya )
2. AutoIT ( bisa di download di sini )
3. TFTP-Server ( bisa di download di sini )
Setelah Telnet Client , AutoIT dan TFTP-Server di install sekarang ke proses selanjutnya yaitu pembuatan tools-nya contoh scrip-nya :
——————————START————————-
;;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;++ ++
;++ Program Sederhana Back-UP Cisco ++
;++ Create-By AutoIt ++
;++ For More Question email me AT ++
;++ evan@bhomert.com ++
;;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
; Ganti ip.cisco.xxx.xxx dengan IP cisco yg akan di backup
Run(“telnet.exe ip.cisco.xxx.xxx”)
Sleep(1000)
; Ganti username dengan username kamu
Send(“username”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti password dengan password kamu
Send(“password”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“en”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti enablepassword dengan enable password switch kamu
send(“enablepassword”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“copy running-config tftp:”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx dengan IP TFTP-Server kamu
Send(“ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti namahost dengan hostname Switch
Send(“namahost-config”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“copy vlan.dat tftp:”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx dengan IP TFTP-Server kamu
Send(“ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti namahost dengan hostname Switch
Send(“namahost-vlan.dat”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“copy config.text tftp:”)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx dengan IP TFTP-Server kamu
Send(“ip.TFTP-Server.xxx.xxx”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(200)
; Ganti namahost dengan hostname Switch
Send(“namahost-config.text”)
Sleep(200)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(1000)
Send(“q”)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
Sleep(1000)
Send(“{ENTER}”)
——————————AND————————-
Ikuti petunjuk di scrip itu dan compile scrip tersebut dengan menekan CTRL+F7, setelah selesai siapkan TFTP-Server dan arahkan directory penyimpanannya. setelah semua selesai jalankan .exe yang tadi di compile.
Selamat Mencoba, semoga catatan kecil ini bisa bermanfaat buat kawan-kawan semua.
Silakan Download Contoh Script dan contoh telnet ke route-server
note: – untuk mendownload klik kanan lalu save-as
Share on FacebookMembuat System Co2 Aquascape
by BhoMerT on Nov.09, 2011, under Copas, Hobi
Membuat DIY CO2
Apa itu DIY CO2?
DIY singkatan dari Do It Yourself atau diartikan membuat sendiri.
DIY CO2 adalah sistem CO2 yang dibuat sendiri menggunakan bahan2 sehari2 yang murah dan mudah didapat.
DIY CO2 mengeluarkan gas CO2 atas dasar reaksi fermentasi yang terjadi pada gula oleh adanya aktivitas kapang (yeast)
reaksi : gula + kapang —-> alkohol + CO2
Siapakah yang lebih cocok memakai DIY CO2?
- DIY CO2 merupakan pilihan yang tepat bagi mereka yang kesulitan mendapatkan sistem CO2 pressurized (tabung bertekanan) yang dikarenakan faktor ketidakmampuan ekonomi.
- Mereka yang memiliki aquarium berukuran kecil-sedang.
- Mereka yang punya waktu untuk menggantikan larutan bahan bakar secara periodik.
- Mereka yang memiliki setup aquascape dengan pencahayaan low-medium.
- Mereka yang kehabisan gas CO2 pada sistem pressurized dan mengunggu refill yang lama.
Mengapa perlu memakai CO2?
Pada setup aquascape diperlukan adanya tambahan CO2 karena tumbuhan memerlukan unsur karbon sebagai faktor yang essensial untuk bermetabolisme. Di dalam aquarium tentunya unsur karbon ini sangat sedikit ketersediaannya, tidak seperti di udara bebas dan pada alam terbuka.
Untuk itulah kita tambahkan CO2 kedalam air agar pertumbuhan tanaman tidak terganggu.
I. Bahan2 yang diperlukan
- sebuah botol air mineral/soda ukuran besar lengkap dengan tutupnya.
- 1 buah connector/pentil selang aerator aquarium
- selang silikon secukupnya
- sealant/lem pipa secukupnya
- obeng plus ukuran kecil
- kompor/korek

II. Cara membuat tabung
- copotkan tutup botol
- panasi obeng di atas kompor, jangan terlalu lama agar panasnya sekedar pas
- tusukkan pada bagian atas tutup botol hingga menembus sisi lainnya, hati2 agar ukuran lubang jangan sampai terlalu besar dibandingkan diameter connector
- bubuhkan sedikit sealant/lem pada bagian perut connector
- masukkan connector kedalam lubang pada tutup botol (bila dikerjakan dengan benar harus agak seret/sempit masuknya)

- bubuhkan sealant/lem pada sekeliling sambungan baik bagian atas tutup botol maupun bagian bawahnya
- biarkan mengering selama 1/2 hari (jemur lebih baik)

III. Bahan bakar CO2
DIY CO2 ini memanfaatkan bahan bakar utama berupa gula.
Gula yang dipakai adalah jenis gula pasir biasa, kalau ada gula yang belum diputihkan (mengandung sedikit molase).
Resep :
- 150 gram gula pasir
- 1/3 sendok teh ragi instan
- 1300 mL air minum
- 1/2 sendok teh baking powder
Cara membuat :
Masukkan gula pasir, ragi, baking powder kedalam botol. Tambahkan air sekitar 1300 mL, yaitu sampai batas leher botol. Kocok merata dan biarkan di suhu ruangan selama 4-5 jam sebelum siap dipakai.
IV. Pemakaian DIY CO2
- Pasangkan tutup botol yang silikon/lemnya telah mengering sempurna pada botol yang sudah berisi larutan bahan bakar gula.
- Pasang selang silikon dan sambungkan sesuai keperluan rangkaian.
- Posisikan botol DIY ini pada tempat yang agak hangat, sebab produksi fermentasi akan menjadi optimal bilamana temperatur mendekati hangat tubuh manusia.
- DIY CO2 ini dapat bertahan sekitar 7-10 hari lamanya dikarenakan pada titik tersebut cadangan gula sudah menipis dan populasi koloni kapang sudah menurun drastis dikarenakan perubahan pH dan kadar alkohol dalam larutan.Maka pada saat sebelum titik habis tersebut sebaiknya sebuah batch larutan bahan bakar yang baru sudah dibuat sehari sebelumnya dan disimpan dalam lemari es agar aktivitas kapang statis.

*perhatian : ketika rangkaian sudah dipasang, berhati-hatilah jika hendak membuka tutup botol untuk mengganti larutannya. Jangan putar tutup botol karena sambungan lem/silikon rentan robek. Sebaliknya putarlah botolnya agar terbuka.
FAQ :
1. Rangkaian DIY saya tidak mengeluarkan gas :
- tunggu sampai 4-5 jam pada suhu ruangan.
- cek apakah semua sambungan sudah rapat/ ada yang bocor. gunakan busa sabun atau tenggelamkan untuk memeriksa. kebocoran adalah kasus yang klasik.
2. Rangkaian DIY saya mengeluarkan gas 3-4 hari lalu, tapi sekarang tidak/makin sedikit :
- simpanlah botol di tempat yang hangat agar merangsang proses fermentasi yang optimal.
- waktunya mengganti larutan gula. karena faktor tertentu waktu kerja bisa saja memendek.
3. Gas CO2 yang dikeluarkan rangkaian saya sedikit sekali, ingin lebih banyak :
- buatlah rangkaian pararel dari 2 atau lebih botol.
- tambahkan lagi dosis ragi instan pada larutan. namun demikian waktu kerja akan memendek sementara produksi CO2 dipercepat.
4. Gas CO2 yang dikeluarkan rangkaian saya terlalu banyak untuk aqua nano saya :
- kurangi dosis ragi instan yang digunakan pada larutan. waktu kerja akan memanjang sementara produksi CO2 diperlambat.
5. Apakah menambahkan jumlah gula akan memperpanjang umur kerja?
- tidak selalu. kapang tetap akan mati karena kadar alkohol yang meningkat.
6. Bagaimana caranya agar produksi CO2 banyak dan waktu kerja panjang?
- gunakan botol yang jauh lebih besar dan sesuaikan resep bahan bakar sesuai volume botol tersebut.
- buatlah rangkaian pararel dari beberapa botol dengan dosis yeast yang dikurangi sedikit.
written by Dedi, Hobbyst Aquascape di bilangan Tebet, Jakarta
Source : DIY CO2
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Address list routing OIXP APJII dan MCSIX
by BhoMerT on Jul.16, 2011, under Belajar IT, Ngoprek, Note
Update per Tgl 19 Oktober 2011
bagi temen-temen yang butuh address-list guna pembagian Bandwidth IIX, OIXP dan MCSIX, silakan download
Address-list MCSIX , OIXP dan APJII
and langsung aja upload ke dua file tersebut ( mcsix.rsc dan nice.rsc ) ke mikrotik => new terminal =>
/import mcsix.rsc
/import nice.rsc
Oh iya.. di dalam address-list tersebut untuk penamaan MCSIX adalah mcsix dan untuk OIXP+APJII adalah nice.
kalo mau generate sendiri silakan pake script ini :
:local bhomert [/ip route pr count-only];
:local bho 0;
:local mer 0;
:local mert;
:for bho from=0 to=$bhomert step=1 do={
:set mert [/ip route get $bho dst-address]
:if ($mer = 0) do={
/ip firewall address-list add list=nice address=$mert;}
}
nah kalo mau ngejalanin tinggal lewat telnet.. jangan lewat winbox
suka ga dapet full, oh iya.. sebelum-nya naikin dulu bgp / ospf buat dapetin prefix dari router mcsix dan router iix ( oixp+apjii )
[evan@mix-prefix] /routing bgp peer> print detail status
Flags: X – disabled, E – established
0 E name=”ke-MIX” === CUT ====
uptime=11h5m14s prefix-count=19813 updates-sent=9699
1 E name=”ke-IIX” === CUT ====
uptime=14h19m43s prefix-count=8584 updates-sent=41719
[evan@mix-prefix] /routing bgp peer>
Untuk Contohnya bisa di liat seperti ini :
Mangle :
[evan@sample-router] /ip firewall mangle> pr detail
Flags: X – disabled, I – invalid, D – dynamic
0 ;;; Mark-Internasional
chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!nice in-interface=ether10
1 chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!mcsix in-interface=ether10
2 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!nice in-interface=ether10
3 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!mcsix in-interface=ether10
4 chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!nice in-interface=ether5
5 chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!mcsix in-interface=ether5
6 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!nice in-interface=ether5
7 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-INTL passthrough=yes dst-address-list=!mcsix in-interface=ether5
8 ;;; Mark-IIX
chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-IIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=nice in-interface=ether10
9 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-IIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=nice in-interface=ether10
10 chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-IIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=nice in-interface=ether5
11 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-IIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=nice in-interface=ether5
12 ;;; Mark-MCSIX
chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=mcsix in-interface=ether10
13 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=mcsix in-interface=ether10
14 chain=prerouting action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=mcsix in-interface=ether5
15 chain=forward action=mark-connection new-connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX passthrough=yes dst-address-list=mcsix in-interface=ether5
16 ;;; Paket-INTL
chain=prerouting action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=INTL passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-INTL
17 chain=output action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=INTL passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-INTL
18 ;;; Paket-MCSIX
chain=prerouting action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=MCSIX passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX
19 chain=output action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=MCSIX passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-MCSIX
20 ;;; Paket-IIX
chain=prerouting action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=IIX passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-IIX
21 chain=output action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=IIX passthrough=yes connection-mark=Conn-IIX
[evan@sample-router] /ip firewall mangle>
Simple Queue :
1 ;;; Radar TV MCSIX
name=”client-66-MCSIX” target-addresses=xxx.xxx.xxx/32 interface=all
packet-marks=MCSIX direction=both priority=8
queue=default-small/default-small limit-at=0/0 max-limit=22M/22M
burst-limit=0/0 burst-threshold=0/0 burst-time=0s/0s
total-queue=default-small
2 ;;; Radar TV IIX
name=”client-66-IIX” target-addresses=xxx.xxx.xxx/32 interface=all
packet-marks=IIX direction=both priority=8
queue=default-small/default-small limit-at=0/0 max-limit=40M/40M
burst-limit=0/0 burst-threshold=0/0 burst-time=0s/0s
total-queue=default-small
2 ;;; Radar TV INTL
name=”client-66-INTL” target-addresses=xxx.xxx.xxx/32 interface=all
packet-marks=INTL direction=both priority=8
queue=default-small/default-small limit-at=0/0 max-limit=3M/3M
burst-limit=0/0 burst-threshold=0/0 burst-time=0s/0s
total-queue=default-small
Semoga bisa membantu..
Share on FacebookCreate and Remove Symlink
by BhoMerT on May.31, 2011, under Belajar IT
Create symlink
ln -s /chosenFolder/orFile /symbolicLinked/file/orFolder
Remove symlink
rm -r /symbolicLinkedFolder
Arch Commands:
by BhoMerT on May.31, 2011, under Belajar IT, Copas
pacman -Sy alsa-lib alsa-utils
pacman -S alsa-oss
install sound control
pacman -Ss xpdf
search pacman repository for xpdf
pacman -Si packageName
pacman -Qi packageName
get more info about package by name
pacman -Su
update all packages on system
pacman -Syu
sync repository database and update system
yaourt -Sf xorg-server
force install
pacman -Ql package
retrieve list of files installed by package
options snd-pcsp index=2
add to /etc/modprobe.conf to load pcsp last
MODULE=(… !snd_pcsp)
add to /etc/rc.conf
to stop pcsp from loading
pacman -S pulseaudio
needed to get sound in flash
gpasswd -a lust audio
add user lust to audio group for playing purposes
gpasswd -d [user] [group]
remove user from group
usermod -aG [group] [user]
add user to a group
adduser
add user to system
userdel
delete user
cat /etc/group
list all groups on system
groups
list groups your user is in
find /* -group groupName
list files owned by a group
groupadd groupName
create new group
groupdel groupName
remove group
alsamixer
bring up sound control
amixer set Master 90% unmute
amixer set PCM 85% unmute
set volume from command line
alsactl store
save audio settings
arch=(‘x86_64′)
can be added to PKGBUILD to try to support 64bit
/home/rladams/.mozilla/firefox/6yq6uxu4.default/extensions/VMwareVMRC@vmware.com/plugins/vmware-vmrc -h localhost:8333 -u root
start vmware from command line
mplayer -v -nocache -playlist “http://yp.shoutcast.com/sbin/tunein-station.pls?id=9768″
play song of shoutcast with mplayer
nitrogen /path/to/pic/dir/
set wallpaper
nitrogen –restore &
add to .xinitrc for restore of bkgrndPic
date –set =’+60 minutes’
move time ahead 60 minutes
setterm -blength 0
turn off annoying beep in bash
wodim -v dev=/dev/cdrw isoImage.iso
burn an iso
aumix
volume controls from a command in app
——-vmwareServer2———-
/etc/init.d/vmware-mgmt start
start vmware server 2 * wrong
/etc/init.d/vmware start
start vmware server 2
——-vmwareServer2———-
—–apvlv—–
pdf viewer with vi commands
—–endApvlv—–
freeBSD commands:
by BhoMerT on May.31, 2011, under Belajar IT, Copas
update freebsd ports
--------------------
*** if first time using portsnap use:
portsnap fetch extract
else use:
portsnap fetch update
then run:
pkgdb -F
portsdb -Uu
portupgrade -a
update and upgrade freebsd ports, portugrade must be installed to use pkgdb -F,
may have to type: rehash after installing portugrade if using default shell (csh) as root
end update freebsd ports
------------------------
other ways to update ports
---------------------------
portsnap fetch update
pkgdb -F
portsdb -Uu
updates version info in ports database
this needs to be ran after cvsup or csup
make fetchindex
portsdb -u
portversion -l "<"
portupgrade -arR
run this to update with portupgrade
portversion | grep "<"
list packages that are out of date
portupgrade -a
pkgdb -F
portupgrade -a
Updates ports that are installed
portsdb -Fu
fetch INDEX and rebuild portsdb
portmaster -a
Updated ports that are installed
------------
---------
error when installing portsnap:
Warning: Object directory not changed from original
had to go into dome of the subdirectories and do a:
make obj
---------
portupgrade package-name
update specific port
portversion -l '<'
list outdated ports
cvsup /root/ports-supfile
update ports tree with created file
end other ways to update freebsd ports
--------------------------------------
make config
make config file (can be done after install to reconfigure options)
make deinstall
make install APR_UTIL_WITH_BERKELEY_DB=yes
fix an error for a dependency option
make index
/usr/ports updates index
make readmes
creates readmes /usr/ports
cd /usr/ports
make search name=pptp
search ports by name
cd /usr/ports
make search key=pptp
searches ports for keyword
freebsd package manager (use ports or pkg not both, so stick with one)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pkg_info
show packages installed
ls /var/db/pkg
show packages installed
pkg_info -R apache-1.3.37_2
show dependencies of apache
pkg_fetch nagios-3.0.3
fetches a port
pkg_version
show versions of packages installed vs available via ports
pkg_deinstall packageName
remove package
pkg_add name.tar.gz
adds package from ports ??
pkg_add -r name
downloads package and then adds it
pkg_info -IX font
show installed fonts
end pkg info
------------
pkg_add -v ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.3/packages/i386/filename.tgz
adds package openBSD
env
print environment variables
locale -a
print names of all available locales
cntrl - i
equivalent to tab
xset b off
turn off system beep in X
sysctl hw.syscons.bell=0
turn off beep globally until a reboot
hw.syscons.bell=0
add this line to /etc/sysctl.conf, turns off system beep globally for good
sysctl hw.acpi.baterry
Show info about battery
sysctl -a | grep -i memory
show memory stats
(sysctl hw.acpi.battery.life|cut -d "," -f2|cut -d "%" -f1|cut -d " " -f2)
show battery juice
du -h -d 1
disk usage of directories
du -sh
disk usage of directory and files
du -x
tells what is using space
du -sk *
show disk usage
for each in `ls -1`;do du -sh $each;done
show file size of each folder in current directory
tar -zcvf newArchive.tar /folderToCompress
tar a folder
tar -zxf newArchive.tar -C /tmp
extract folder to tmp directory
tar -cjvf www042309.tar.bz2 ./www
backup website -j for bz2
tar -xjf www042309.tar.bz2
untar website
tar -jxvf file.tar.bz2
untar bz2
tar -zxvf file.tar.gz
untar gz
tar -xvzf file.tar.gz -C directory
untar specific directory
tar -xzvf phpMyAdmin_x.x.x.tar.gz
tar -z auto recognize gzip
(cd /home/username/lrn && tar cf - . ) | (cd /mnt/usb && tar xBf -)
or
tar cf - ./lrn | (cd /mnt/usb; tar xf -)
copy files from one directory to another including symlinks
(cd /home/username/lrn && tar cf - . ) | "(cd /mnt/usb/ && tar xvpf -)"
remotely copy files from one directory to another including symlinks
cd ..
go up one directory
cd ~
or
cd
go to home directory
cd -
go to last directory you were in
echo $OLDPWD ,will show where this will take you
mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt/usb
mount usb drive
umount /mnt/usb
unmount disk
mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0 /mnt/dvd
mount dvd
umount /mnt/dvd
unmount dvd
mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /path/to/image.iso -u 1
mount -t cd9660 /dev/md1 /mnt/cdrom
mount -t msdos /dev/nc0c /cdrom
creates virtual cdrom drive and mounts it
mount -u /mnt/cdrom
mdconfig -d -u 1
unmounts and undoes virtual drive
mount -a -t ufs
mount file systems read/write ??
camcontrol devlist
list usb devices
fusepod
ipod program
camcontrol eject 1:0:0
ejects ipod
xev
this will capture keypress events and give the names of the keys
last
shows who logged in and when
last -20
show last 20 logins
last username
indicate last logins of users and ttys
ndisgen
generate a FreeBSD driver module from a Windows(R) NDIS driver distributio
ndiscvt -i bcmwl5.inf -s bcmwl5.sys -o ndis_driver_data.h
convert Windows(R) NDIS drivers for use with FreeBsd, (broadcom ethernet)
kldload ./bcmwl5_sys.ko
load linksys ndisDriver
kldstat
shows custom loaded kernel modules
pciconf
diagnostic utility for the pci bus
ifconfig bge0 down
disable network card bge0
killall -SIGUSR1 conky
restart conky
aterm -e hw.acpi.battery
open aterm and execute command
more /etc/group
show all groups
xmodmap
utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X
rehash
only when using sh. tells system about newly installed programs
iconv
character set conversion
ndisgen
generate a FreeBSD driver module from a Windows(R) NDIS driver distribution
wicontrol
configure Lucent, Intersil, and Atheros wireless devices
pciconf -lv
diagnostics utility for the PCI bus
fstat
identify active files
smb://domain\user@computerName/C$
jobs
listjobs
bg programName
send program to background
^Z
suspend current job
fg
bring job/program to foreground
sftp -oPort=22222 user@ip-address
sftp to port 2222
fbsetroot -solid black
set fluxbox background to black
session.screen0.rootCommand: fbsetbg ~/background/ricci.jpg
set backgorund in fluxbox
ps -aux
list running processes
Mysql
-----
mysqladmin shutdown
--
To start mysqld at boot time you have to copy support-files/mysql.server
to the right place for your system
PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER !
To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:
/usr/local/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'
/usr/local/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h ishbsd.houston.rr.com password 'new-password'
See the manual for more instructions.
You can start the MySQL daemon with:
cd /usr/local ; /usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe &
You can test the MySQL daemon with the benchmarks in the 'sql-bench' directory:
cd sql-bench ; perl run-all-tests
Please report any problems with the /usr/local/bin/mysqlbug script!
+++++++++
roxFiler
--------
~/.config/rox.sourceforge.net/Templates
Adds to rightClick new
/home/username/.config/rox.sourceforge.net/SendTo
Adds to sendTo
end roxFiler
------------
dmesg | grep -i memory
show total and available mem
#ls
man page of ls in konqueror
/etc/rc.d/sshd restart
restart ssh (can also use start,stop, forcestop,etc
sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo
replace every "e" with "o" in file foo (makes a backup)
sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo
does not make a backup
htpasswd .pwdFile userName
change password or add user "-c to create file"
pw user mod lust -G wheel
add lust to wheel group
whereis pptp
echo /usr/ports/*/*pptp*
alternate ways to find a port
whereis programName
display one or more mathces of program you are looking for
which bash
will show which bash will be called first
locate aProgramName
display every file that matches a programs name
kill -9 #####
force kill
aterm -bl
borderless
visudo
edit /etc/sudoers (usage: visudo)
sudo crontab -e
edit current crontab
config.log
after running ./configure log is stored in same folder
ls -R / | more (use less on linux)
show all directories on system
ls -alAR
recursively list directories, including .directories
ls -G
show file, folder, executables in color
dig -x 192.168.3.3
find hostname by address
tail -100 filename
view last 100 lines of a file
head filename
view first 10 lines of a file
vpnc --debug 99 --enable-1des --dpd-idle 0
vpnc with debug options all the way and weak encryption set no idle
vpnc-disconnect
disconnect vpnc
wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A.png,.jpg,.gif -erobots=off -i ~/getPics.txt
-r -H -l1 -np = recursive download, span domain, one level, no parent.
-A = attributes
-N = turns on timestamping so same files are not downloaded
-nd = puts everything in one directory rather than sites directories
-erobots.txt = igonre robots.txt
-i /fileName = lets you put urls inside text file
wget -mirror -w3 -p htt://www.whatever.com
-w = wait
-p = get all required elements (useful with mirror)
wget -i file-with-links.txt
download links in a file
dmesg | grep ndis
scrub dmesg for ndis info
ifconfig | ndis0
shows status of ndis ip
ifconfig ndis0 inet 192.168.3.70 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid joetest wepkey 0x43DB5804CD weptxkey 1 wepmode on
connects wpcg54g to wlan with wep (weptxkey 1 picks first wep key)
ifconfig ndis0 up scan
scans for wireless access points
gdb /usr/local/bin/beaver/beaver.core
shows core dump of beaver with gdb
df
show partitions
uptime
show how long its been since a reboot
w
show who is logged in, from where, and what they are running
who
show who is logged int
finger
displays other users logged in system
last
last users logged in
ac
show how long you have been logged in.. in total
top
shows what's running
ps -aux
shows what is running in detail
uname -a
shows system information
uname -mrs
show current version
netstat
displays current network connections
netstat -an
display current connections, source, destination and ports
netstat -rn
display routing table for ips bound to server
hostname
shows hostname
aterm -sl 32000
saveline buffer 32000 lines
ls -1 | wc -l
count files in a directory
awk 'sub("$", "\r")' unixfile.txt > winfile.txt
convert file from unix to windows
awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' winfile.txt > unixfile.txt
convert file from windows to unix
tr -d '\15\32' < winfile.txt > unixfile.txt
remove carraige return and ^Z's from a file
perl -p -e 's/\r$//' < winfile.txt > unixfile.txt
convert win file to unix
perl -p -e 's/\n/\r\n/' < unixfile.txt > winfile.txt
convert unix file to win
set -o vi
set ksh to vi mode
shift + insert
paste what mouse has copied
cal
shows calendar of this month
rdesktop -f
fullscreen rdesktop
rdesktop -g 1024x768 servername
set geometry of rdesktop
man 3 printf
shows section 3 of printf (3 seems to be summary????)
mixer
shows current volume settings
mixer vol 95:95
mixer pcm 95:95
mixer speaker 95:95
mixer -s vol 10
change volume
date 0811041331
change time nov0408 1:30
date +"%T %p"
shows date with am/pm
history
shows history of commands
cat .bash_history | grep ssh
list history matches to ssh
cat > cat.txt
create file cat.txt and input text, ^D to get out and write file
cat < cat.txt
same as cat cat.txt, reads file
cat < cat.txt > newCat.txt
cp contents of cat.txt to newCat.txt
cat cat.txt newCat.txt > bigCat.txt
copy contents of cat.txt and newCat.txt into bigCat.txt
----
bash
cntrl-r
search bash history
cntrl-w
delete word backwards
cntrl-k
delete rest of line forward
cntrl-d
delete char under cursor
alt-d
delete word forward
cntrl-a
cursor to beginning of line
cntrl-e
cursor to end of line
alt-f
one word forward
alt-b
one word back
cntrl-l
clears screen
alt-l
lowercase current word
alt-u
uppercase current word
PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a && history -n'
collects history from current open terminals
cp ./test.txt{,.bak}
copies test.txt to test.txt.bak
cp -a ./directory/* /anotherDirectory/
copies all files in a folder and keeps permissions
echo $_
echos last arguemnet passed to console
bashEnd
-------
----win4bsd----
winpro -ws maximized
runs win4BSD max size
winpro -ws 1152x864
winpro -h
shows help for win4bsd
shift+F12
opens menu
----endwin4BSD----
whatis
apropos
searches whatis database for keyword, gives description of programs
try apropos '\(6\)'
apropos editor
shows programs that have editor in their description
scp -P 22 ./test.txt username@192.168.2.102:/usr/home/username/test.txt
copy files to remote machine -P to specify port.
scp ./test.txt username@192.168.2.102:/usr/home/username/test.txt
copy files to remote machine
scp -r ./folderToCopy username@192.168.2.102:/usr/home/username/destinationFolder/
copy directory to remote machine
scp -r '-P 1234' ./folderToCopy username@192.168.2.102:/usr/home/username/destinationFolder/
xwd -out 3rdDesktop01.xwd -root
saves screen shoot
distclean
cleans out ports files. fixes this error:
local modification time does not match remote
mkisofs -J -o out.iso -r -V volume_name directory
create iso image
/etc/netstart
restart network
-----
rc.conf
ifconfig_dc0="inet 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0"
defaultrouter="192.168.1.1"
hostname="whatever.what"
set static ip
dhclient ndis0
gets dynamic ip
/usr/local/etc/nagios
/usr/local/www/nagios/docs
nagios files
/usr/local/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
test nagios configs
/usr/local/bin/nagios /usr/local/etc/nagios/nagios.cfg &
start nagios
shift insert
paste with keyboard
ispell
simple command line spell checker
aspell
command line spell checker
source ~/.bash_profile
reparse bash shell configuration
nspluginwrapper -v -a -i
install all plugins from their default locations (netscapePluginWrapper)
nspluginwrapper -i path/to/plugin.so
install from specific locations
nspluginwrapper -r pat/to/plugin.so
remove specific plugin
nspluginwrapper -l
list all currently installed plugins
---------
elinks
enhanced txt based browser
ESC - shows menu
endElinks
---------
ssh -D 8080 -f -C -q -N myuser@myserver.com
tunnel web traffic through ssh
fgrep word file.name
searches for word in file
ls | egrep '(wordOne|wordTwo)'
greps ls for two words
ls -1
shows files in one column
id
show userId, groupId, and groups of current user
feh --bg-scale /path/to/image.jpg
set wallpaper
echo $TERM
displays terminal type
korean
-------
export XMODIFIERS=@im=Ami
export LC_CTYPE=ko_KR.eucKR
ami &
start korean keyboard
end korean
----------
lua-5.1
start lua
rmuser dust
remove user dust
unrar x test.rar
uncompress rar
/usr/local/sbin/httpd -v
check version of apache
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/lighttpd start
start lighttpd (stop,restart,start)
killall lighttpd (if no script)
find / -type f -exec grep -H 'joemammy' {} \;
find joemammy inside files on /
grep hello ./*
find word hello in all files in current directory
vi /boot/grub/menu.lst
edit grub menu file
usbdevs -v
show usb devices
mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt/camera
mounts nikon coolpix L11, must be set to mass storage under ???
---------
To install mono-merge, download it, then install with:
make install
svn must be installed to use mono-merge
mono-merge -D
merges development version from BSD# into /usr/ports
mono-merge
merges BSD# version of mono into the ports system
---------
wget -m -k -K -E http://url/of/web/site
mirror a website
wget --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
use wget to check validity of bookmarks
ls -l | grep '^d'
list directories in current folder ('^d' looks for lines starting with a d)
ls -l | grep '^d' | awk '{ print $NF }'
shows on the folder names of the directories
chmod u+x ./scriptFile
add executable permission to scriptFile for current user
find ./ -type f | xargs perl -pi -e 's!/usr/bin/ruby!/usr/local/bin/ruby!g'
search all files in a folder and replace: /usr/bin/ruby with: /usr/local/bin/ruby
ls | awk '{print "<a href=\""$1"\">"$1"</a>"}' > index.html
make html links to every file in the current directory inside index.html
ls | awk '{print "<a href=\""$1"\">"$1"</a>"}' >> index.html
same as above except appends the links to index.html
ls | awk '{print "<img src=\""$1"\">"$1"<br>"}' > index.html
create img tags for every file in directory and write to index.html
grep ruby ./*
look for any files in current folder that contain the word: ruby
tar -zcvf nameOfTarFileToCreate.tar.gz ./DirectoryWantedCompressed
tar a file to a .tar.gz
tar -zxvf ./nameOfFileToExtract
untar a file
mysql_install_db
run this after first install to finish setup
GRANT ALL ON dbName.* TO 'testuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'testpassword';
give user rights to a mysql database
insert into grid (x, y) values ('-98', '-98');
add x and y to table grid
delete from settlements where id='61';
deletes the row/record in table settlements that has id matches 61
update users set x='-98', y='-98' where id='2292';
update record x,y in table users with -98,-98 that matches id 2292
mysql -u user-name -p db-name < db-template.sql
transfer mysql database
-----------------------
mysqldump --quick db_name | gzip > db_name.gz
dump database to a gzip file to transfer to new machine
mysqladmin create db_name
create databse on new machine
gunzip < db_name.gz | mysql db_name
unzip and databse and throw it in mysql
--------------------------
xconsole
if installed can show what syslogd is writing to ttyv0, inside of X
grep "^ :" 00_data.txt | sed '$!N;s/\n/ /' | awk '{print $1 $2 $5}' > 00data.txt
greps for 4 spaces the : at the beginning of each line. sed combines every two lines. awk prints the 1st 2nd and 5th field of each line. > writes it to 00data.txt
Crontab
-------
crontab -e
edit the crontab for the user you are logged in as
Mutt
-----
$
purges deleted messages
end mutt
--------
tmux
----
attach -d -t0
attatch to session 0
end tmux
--------
tcpdump -s0 -X -i bge0 port 80
watch what is happening on port 80
javascript:alert(unescape(document.cookie))
type this in as a browser url, to see the cookies on a webpage
pstree
list processes as a tree (must be installed)
tree -a
show directories in a tree view. (must be installed)
mogrify -resize 75x75 ./*.jpg
resize all jpg in current directory to 75x75 (requires imagemagick to be installed)
xwininfo -tree
show info abou twindows
(xwininfo and xininfo show info about windows)
grep
----
grep -r "jowdaddy" /home
recursively search for jowdaddy inside files located in your /home
grep -v notmeplease
show all lines that do not match notmeplease
find
----
find /home /tmp -name yasister.txtme
search /home and /tmp directories for yasister.txtme
find ./learn -ls
displays inode number (inode serial), size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
**very similar output as (ls -igls)
find `script-that-chooses-dirs` -name choosenFile
uses a script to choose which files to search for chosen file
find ./learn -type f -size 0 -ls
search learn folder for a regular file that has file size of 0 and display in long format
find /usr/home /var/html /usr/local/www -name "*.htm*" -print
find all files with names containing .htm (-print is the default and prints to standard out) so the previous command is equivelant to:
find /usr/home /var/html /usr/local/www -name "*.htm*"
**all regex need to be quoted or they will be passed to the shell rather than find
find ./ -iname RECIPE.txt
case insensitive search for recipe.txt in current folder
find $HOME -mtime -1
find files in the home directory modified in the last 24 hours
find $HOME -mtime +365
find files that have not been modified in the last year
find /home/username -mtime -7 -name "*.htm*"
find htm/html files that have been modified in the last week (7 24hour)
find /home/user/www -mtime 7 -name "*.php*"
search for files that were modified exactly a week ago
find /var/log -mtime +7 -name "*.log"
find files that have not been modified for at least a week
find /$HOME/pics -newer $HOME/scripts/resize-pics.rb
find files in pics folder that have been modified more recently than resize.pics.rb
find /home -name "*.txt" -size 100k
find /home -name "*.txt" -size +100k
find /home -name "*.txt" -size -100k
display files that are 100k in size / more than 100k in size / less than 100k in size
find . -name '*.jpg' -exec ls {} \;
find all jpgs in current directory and use ls to display them
find $HOME/. -name '*.jpg' -ok rm {} \;
find all jpgs in current directory and ask for confirmation before deleting each
touch thisNewFile
creates a new empty file named thisNewFile
ls -s /someDirectory/originalFile /anotherDirectory/linkedToOriginalFile
creates a file that is linked to another. Editing the linked file changes the original
rm -f aFileThatNeedsDeleting
deletes a file without asking
rm -rf byeByeDirectory
deletes a directory and everything in it without asking
file somefile
attempts to guess type of file by its content
file *
guess filetypes of all files in a directory
wc filename
counts lines, words, and characters in a file
wc -l filename
counts lines in a file
ls -al > ./saveLsOutput.txt
overwrites text file with ls' output or creates an new file
ls -al >> ./saveThis.txt
appends output to file or creates new one if it does not exist
<
send input from a file back into a command
mplayer -vo xv dvd://1
play dvd
mplayer -nocache -playlist "http://www.shoutcast.com/sbin/shoutcast-playlist.pls?rn=15364&file=filename.pls"
play shoutcast stream
baobab
gui that shows disk usage
mail
----
d 1-5
deletes messages 1 through 5
t <message list> type messages
n goto and type next message
e <message list> edit messages
f <message list> give head lines of messages
d <message list> delete messages
s <message list> file append messages to file
u <message list> undelete messages
R <message list> reply to message senders
r <message list> reply to message senders and all recipients
pre <message list> make messages go back to /var/mail
m <user list> mail to specific users
q quit, saving unresolved messages in mbox
x quit, do not remove system mailbox
h print out active message headers
! shell escape
? print this help message
# display message number #
- print previous
+ next (no delete)
! cmd execute cmd
<CR> next (no delete)
a position at and read newly arrived mail
d [#] delete message # (default current message)
dp delete current message and print the next
dq delete current message and exit
h a display all headers
h d display headers of letters scheduled for deletion
h [#] display headers around # (default current message)
m user mail (and delete) current message to user
n next (no delete)
p print (override any warnings of binary content)
P override default 'brief' mode and display ALL header lines
q, ^D quit
r [args] reply to (and delete) current letter via mail [args]
s [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox)
u [#] undelete message # (default current message)
w [files] save (and delete) current message without header
x exit without changing mail
y [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox)
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